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Turkish enforcement law glossary
35 key terms of Turkish debt enforcement and insolvency law in seven languages, with a short explanation. Use it to read Turkish court documents and our reports.
| English | Türkçe | Nederlands | Français | Deutsch | Italiano | Español |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Action to annul the objectionFull lawsuit (İİK 67), 1 year; mediation first for commercial claims. | İtirazın iptali davası | Vordering tot vernietiging van het verzet | Action en annulation de l'opposition | Klage auf Aufhebung des Widerspruchs | Azione di annullamento dell'opposizione | Demanda de anulación de la oposición |
| Annulment of the auctionChallenge to an auction (İİK 134). | İhalenin feshi | Vernietiging van de veiling | Annulation de l'adjudication | Aufhebung des Zuschlags | Annullamento dell'aggiudicazione | Nulidad de la subasta |
| ApostilleCertification under the 1961 Hague Convention. | Apostil | Apostille | Apostille | Apostille | Apostille | Apostilla |
| Attachment (seizure)Seizure of the debtor's assets once enforcement is final. | Haciz | Beslag | Saisie | Pfändung | Pignoramento | Embargo |
| Bad-faith objection compensationAt least 20% of the claim against an unjustified objection. | İcra inkâr tazminatı | Vergoeding wegens ongegrond verzet | Indemnité pour opposition abusive | Entschädigung wegen unbegründeten Widerspruchs | Indennizzo per opposizione infondata | Indemnización por oposición infundada |
| BankruptcyLiquidation of a debtor's estate. | İflas | Faillissement | Faillite | Konkurs | Fallimento | Quiebra |
| Collection feeState fee on amounts collected; charged to the debtor. | Tahsil harcı | Inningsrecht | Droit de recouvrement | Einzugsgebühr | Diritto di riscossione | Tasa de cobro |
| Commercial default interest (advance rate)Central Bank advance rate in commercial matters (Law No. 3095, Art. 2/2). | Avans faizi | Handelsrente (voorschotrente) | Intérêt moratoire commercial | Handelsrechtliche Verzugszinsen | Interesse di mora commerciale | Interés de demora mercantil |
| Concordat (restructuring)Court-supervised restructuring with a moratorium (İİK 285 ff.). | Konkordato | Akkoordprocedure | Concordat | Konkordat (Sanierungsverfahren) | Concordato | Concordato |
| Concordat moratoriumEnforcement against the debtor is stayed. | Konkordato mühleti | Uitstel van betaling | Sursis concordataire | Nachlassstundung | Moratoria concordataria | Moratoria del concordato |
| Declaration of assetsDebtor's duty to declare assets (İİK 74). | Mal beyanı | Vermogensopgave | Déclaration de patrimoine | Vermögensauskunft | Dichiarazione dei beni | Manifestación de bienes |
| Enforcement officeState office attached to the court that runs enforcement. | İcra dairesi | Executiekantoor | Office d'exécution | Vollstreckungsamt | Ufficio esecuzioni | Oficina de ejecución |
| Enforcement on cheques and notesFaster track for cheques and promissory notes (İİK 167 ff.). | Kambiyo senetlerine dayalı takip | Executie op grond van cheques en wissels | Exécution sur chèques et effets | Wechsel- und Scheckvollstreckung | Esecuzione su assegni e cambiali | Ejecución cambiaria |
| Enforcement proceedingsCollection of a money claim through an enforcement office. | İcra takibi | Executieprocedure | Procédure d'exécution | Zwangsvollstreckungsverfahren | Procedura esecutiva | Procedimiento de ejecución |
| Execution orderOrder served in judgment-based enforcement. | İcra emri | Bevel tot tenuitvoerlegging | Commandement d'exécuter | Vollstreckungsbefehl | Precetto | Orden de ejecución |
| Exequatur (enforcement of a foreign judgment)Turkish court decision making a foreign judgment enforceable (MÖHUK 50). | Tenfiz | Exequatur | Exequatur | Vollstreckbarerklärung | Exequatur | Exequátur |
| FinalityEnforcement proceedings or judgment no longer open to challenge. | Kesinleşme | Definitief worden | Caractère définitif | Rechtskraft | Definitività | Firmeza |
| Garnishment notice to third partiesNotice to third parties holding money owed to the debtor (İİK 89). | Haciz ihbarnamesi (89/1) | Derdenbeslag | Saisie-attribution | Forderungspfändung bei Dritten | Pignoramento presso terzi | Embargo de créditos frente a terceros |
| Judgment-based enforcementEnforcement of a court judgment or equivalent title. | İlamlı takip | Executie op grond van een vonnis | Exécution d'un jugement | Vollstreckung aus einem Urteil | Esecuzione di una sentenza | Ejecución de sentencia |
| MediationMandatory before commercial money-claim lawsuits. | Arabuluculuk | Mediation | Médiation | Mediation | Mediazione | Mediación |
| Non-judgment enforcementEnforcement started on an invoice or contract without a prior judgment. | İlamsız takip | Executie zonder vonnis | Exécution sans titre judiciaire | Vollstreckung ohne Urteil | Esecuzione senza titolo giudiziale | Ejecución sin título judicial |
| Objection to the debtStops non-judgment enforcement. | Borca itiraz | Verzet tegen de schuld | Opposition à la dette | Widerspruch gegen die Forderung | Opposizione al debito | Oposición a la deuda |
| Payment orderServed on the debtor; 7 days to pay or object in ordinary proceedings. | Ödeme emri | Betalingsbevel | Commandement de payer | Zahlungsbefehl | Ordine di pagamento | Orden de pago |
| Power of attorneySigned before a notary with apostille for foreign clients. | Vekâletname | Volmacht | Procuration | Vollmacht | Procura | Poder |
| Preliminary attachmentCourt order freezing assets before or during proceedings (İİK 257). | İhtiyati haciz | Conservatoir beslag | Saisie conservatoire | Arrest | Sequestro conservativo | Embargo preventivo |
| Public auctionSale of attached assets. | İhale / satış | Openbare verkoop | Vente aux enchères | Versteigerung | Vendita all'asta | Subasta |
| ReciprocityCondition for exequatur of foreign court judgments. | Karşılıklılık | Wederkerigheid | Réciprocité | Gegenseitigkeit | Reciprocità | Reciprocidad |
| RecognitionRes judicata effect without enforceability (MÖHUK 58). | Tanıma | Erkenning | Reconnaissance | Anerkennung | Riconoscimento | Reconocimiento |
| Removal of the objectionSummary application to the enforcement court (İİK 68), 6 months. | İtirazın kaldırılması | Opheffing van het verzet | Mainlevée de l'opposition | Beseitigung des Widerspruchs | Rimozione dell'opposizione | Levantamiento de la oposición |
| Security for costsMay be required from foreign claimants unless a treaty applies. | Teminat (yabancılık teminatı) | Zekerheid voor proceskosten | Caution judicatum solvi | Prozesskostensicherheit | Cauzione per le spese | Caución por costas |
| Statutory attorney's feeFee under the Bar tariff, added to the debt. | Vekâlet ücreti (AAÜT) | Wettelijk advocatenhonorarium | Honoraires d'avocat légaux | Gesetzliches Anwaltshonorar | Compenso legale dell'avvocato | Honorarios legales del abogado |
| Statutory interestLaw No. 3095, Art. 1. | Kanuni faiz | Wettelijke rente | Intérêt légal | Gesetzliche Zinsen | Interesse legale | Interés legal |
| Sworn translatorTranslations of foreign documents into Turkish. | Yeminli tercüman | Beëdigd vertaler | Traducteur assermenté | Vereidigter Übersetzer | Traduttore giurato | Traductor jurado |
| Valuation of attached assetsValuation before public auction. | Kıymet takdiri | Taxatie | Estimation des biens saisis | Schätzung | Stima dei beni pignorati | Tasación |
| Wage garnishmentAt least one quarter of salary (İİK 83). | Maaş haczi | Loonbeslag | Saisie sur salaire | Lohnpfändung | Pignoramento dello stipendio | Embargo de salario |
General information, not legal advice. Terms are approximate equivalents; Turkish procedure does not always match the creditor's home system.